Allele: An allele is the different or an alternative form of a gene that can exist at a single locus. Alleles are always in pairs.
Autosome: A look-alike chromosome other than a sex chromosome.
Centriol: Pair of barrel-shaped dark-stained organelles that form the spindle fibers during mitosis and meiosis.
Centromer: A kinetochore; the constricted region (CEN) of a nuclear chromosome, to which the spindle fibers (microtubuli) attached during mitosis and meiosis.
Chiasma: This is a Greek word which means cross. A cross-shaped structure commonly observed between non-sister chromatids during meiosis; the site of crossing over.
Chromatin: This is gotten from a Greek word "chrom, which means color". Fibrous material of aggregated nuleosomes forming; now known to include 50% DNA, and 50% (per weight) chromosomal proteins histones, chromosomal RNA.
Chromatid: One of the side-by-side replicas produced by chromosome division.
Chromosome: The term chromosome is gotten from two Greek words," chroma=color; and soma=body". A linear end to end arrangement of genes and other DNA, sometimes with associated protein and RNA, found in Eukaryota.
Coenzyme: A low molecular weight molecule that participates in an enzymatic reaction by accepting and donating electrons or functional groups.
Crossing Over: The exchange of corresponding chromosome parts between homologs (synapsis) by breakage and reunion.
Cytoskeleton: The term 'cyto' is a Greek word which means 'cell'.
The protein-capable system and associated proteins that together form the architecture of a eukaryotic cell.
Cytokinesis: (GK. Kytos, hollow vessel; kinesis, motion) Division of the cytoplasm at telophase giving rise to two daughter cells.
Codominance: The genetic situation in which both alleles in a heterozygote individual are fully equally expressed in a phenotype; no dominance of one allele over the other (blood type A×B=AB).
Dominant gene or allele: It is an allele or gene that expresses its phenotypic effect even in the presence of a recessive (hidden) allele or gene. It is represented by capital letters AA.
Denaturation: The severe disruption of the structure of any complex molecule without breaking the major bonds of its chain e.g.the separation of the two strands of DNA double-helix, or denaturation of proteins, where hydrophobic parts are exposed.
Diploid: A cell that contains two copies of each type of chromosome (except sex chromosome).
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): A double chain of linked nucleotides (having deoxyribose as their sugars); the fundamental substance of which genes are composed. In eukaryota: DNA is wrapped around histones, forming nucleosomes on solenoids; I.e. chromosomes in prokaryota: DNA is circular and supercooled, do not have chromatin (histones etc.).
DNA Sequence: The linear assembly of purine / pyrimidine nucleotides along a DNA strand.
DNATopoisomerase: Enzyme unwinding the tightly coiled DNA arrangement, for DNA-replication.
DNAReplication: Semiconservative replication, where one strand determines the sequence of the complementary strand (DNA synthesis).
Enzyme: A protein that functions as a bio-catalyst.
Filial Generation: The offspring of a parent is the filial generation called F1.
Gene: The fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity, which carries information from one generation to the next.
GeneLocus: The specific place on a chromosome where a gene is located.
GeneDose: The number of copies of a particular gene present in the genome (their number is directly proportional to the amount t of proteins synthesized).
Genetic Code: The system of nucleotide triplets (codons) in DNA and RNA that dictates the amino acid sequence in polypeptide chains (proteins) except for the start (AUG) and stop (UAA, UGA, UAG) signals.
Genetic Mapping: The process of locating the position of genes on chromosome.
Genotype: The specific allelic composition of a cell-either of the entire or, more commonly, for a certain gene or set of genes; genetic characteristics (makeup) that determine the structure and function of an organism.
Hybrid: An offspring resulting from matting between individuals of different genetic constitution.
Homozygote: An organism or individual is said to be homozygous when the alleles or pair of gene responsible for a particular trait of character is the same or identical.
Heterozygote: (GK, heteros, different) It is when the alleles or pair of genes responsible for a particular trait or character are not the same or are different.
One trait can be visible(dominant) while the other can be hidden(recessive), or visible both (co-dominant or incomplete dominant) (As).
Incomplete Dominance: The genetic situation in which the phenotype of the heterozygote is intermediate between two homozygotes (red flowering plant crossed with white flowering plant to produce pink flowering plant).
Inbreeding: The breeding of closely related plants or animals; in plants, it is usually brought about by repeated self-pollination.
Locus: The particular physical location on the chromosome of which the gene for a given trait occurs.
Meiosis: (GK. replication) Two successive nuclear divisions (with corresponding cell division) that produce gametes (in animals) or sexual spores (in plants or fungi) have one-half of the genetic material of the original cell.
Mitosis: (GK. mitosis, thread) A type of nuclear division (occurring at cell division) that produces two daughter nuclei identical to the parent nucleus.
Mitotic Spindle: Weblike structure of microtubli formed by centrioles, on which chromosome can align.
Mutation: (Latin. mutate, to change) A permanent change in chemical structure, organization, or amount of DNA; produces a gene or a chromosome set differing from the wild type, resulting in a faulty protein (loss or gain of function; gains and selection are the tools of evolution).
Mutant: An organism or cell carrying a mutation.
Nucleolus: An organelle in the nucleus of eukaryota, where ribosomal RNA(rRNA) is formed.
Parental Generation: In mendelian genetics, the individuals that give rise to the 1st filial generation F1.
Parental Type: In mendelian genetics, an offspring having the characteristics of one of the parent.
Plasmid: An autonomously replicating circular, extrachromosomal DNA molecule in prokaryota, bearing often genes of antibiotic resistance.
Polymerase: Various enzymes is involved in the polymerization (formation) of large molecules out of monomeric units (building blocks).
Protein: (GK. Proteios, primary) A complex organic compound composed of many (about 100) amino acids joined together by peptide bonds.
Spindle: The set of microtubular fibers that appear to move eukaryotic chromosome during division.
Sister Chromatid: Each of the identical twin strands of a chromosome connected via the centromere, also called haploid chromosome.
Wild Type: The genotype or phenotype that is found in nature or in the standard laboratory stock for a given organism.
Zygote: (GK. Zygotos, paired together) the diploid cell that results from the fusion of an egg and a sperm cell.
Autosome: A look-alike chromosome other than a sex chromosome.
Centriol: Pair of barrel-shaped dark-stained organelles that form the spindle fibers during mitosis and meiosis.
Centromer: A kinetochore; the constricted region (CEN) of a nuclear chromosome, to which the spindle fibers (microtubuli) attached during mitosis and meiosis.
Chiasma: This is a Greek word which means cross. A cross-shaped structure commonly observed between non-sister chromatids during meiosis; the site of crossing over.
Chromatin: This is gotten from a Greek word "chrom, which means color". Fibrous material of aggregated nuleosomes forming; now known to include 50% DNA, and 50% (per weight) chromosomal proteins histones, chromosomal RNA.
Chromatid: One of the side-by-side replicas produced by chromosome division.
Chromosome: The term chromosome is gotten from two Greek words," chroma=color; and soma=body". A linear end to end arrangement of genes and other DNA, sometimes with associated protein and RNA, found in Eukaryota.
Coenzyme: A low molecular weight molecule that participates in an enzymatic reaction by accepting and donating electrons or functional groups.
Crossing Over: The exchange of corresponding chromosome parts between homologs (synapsis) by breakage and reunion.
Cytoskeleton: The term 'cyto' is a Greek word which means 'cell'.
The protein-capable system and associated proteins that together form the architecture of a eukaryotic cell.
Cytokinesis: (GK. Kytos, hollow vessel; kinesis, motion) Division of the cytoplasm at telophase giving rise to two daughter cells.
Codominance: The genetic situation in which both alleles in a heterozygote individual are fully equally expressed in a phenotype; no dominance of one allele over the other (blood type A×B=AB).
Dominant gene or allele: It is an allele or gene that expresses its phenotypic effect even in the presence of a recessive (hidden) allele or gene. It is represented by capital letters AA.
Denaturation: The severe disruption of the structure of any complex molecule without breaking the major bonds of its chain e.g.the separation of the two strands of DNA double-helix, or denaturation of proteins, where hydrophobic parts are exposed.
Diploid: A cell that contains two copies of each type of chromosome (except sex chromosome).
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid): A double chain of linked nucleotides (having deoxyribose as their sugars); the fundamental substance of which genes are composed. In eukaryota: DNA is wrapped around histones, forming nucleosomes on solenoids; I.e. chromosomes in prokaryota: DNA is circular and supercooled, do not have chromatin (histones etc.).
DNA Sequence: The linear assembly of purine / pyrimidine nucleotides along a DNA strand.
DNATopoisomerase: Enzyme unwinding the tightly coiled DNA arrangement, for DNA-replication.
DNAReplication: Semiconservative replication, where one strand determines the sequence of the complementary strand (DNA synthesis).
Enzyme: A protein that functions as a bio-catalyst.
Filial Generation: The offspring of a parent is the filial generation called F1.
Gene: The fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity, which carries information from one generation to the next.
GeneLocus: The specific place on a chromosome where a gene is located.
GeneDose: The number of copies of a particular gene present in the genome (their number is directly proportional to the amount t of proteins synthesized).
Genetic Code: The system of nucleotide triplets (codons) in DNA and RNA that dictates the amino acid sequence in polypeptide chains (proteins) except for the start (AUG) and stop (UAA, UGA, UAG) signals.
Genetic Mapping: The process of locating the position of genes on chromosome.
Genotype: The specific allelic composition of a cell-either of the entire or, more commonly, for a certain gene or set of genes; genetic characteristics (makeup) that determine the structure and function of an organism.
Hybrid: An offspring resulting from matting between individuals of different genetic constitution.
Homozygote: An organism or individual is said to be homozygous when the alleles or pair of gene responsible for a particular trait of character is the same or identical.
Heterozygote: (GK, heteros, different) It is when the alleles or pair of genes responsible for a particular trait or character are not the same or are different.
One trait can be visible(dominant) while the other can be hidden(recessive), or visible both (co-dominant or incomplete dominant) (As).
Incomplete Dominance: The genetic situation in which the phenotype of the heterozygote is intermediate between two homozygotes (red flowering plant crossed with white flowering plant to produce pink flowering plant).
Inbreeding: The breeding of closely related plants or animals; in plants, it is usually brought about by repeated self-pollination.
Locus: The particular physical location on the chromosome of which the gene for a given trait occurs.
Meiosis: (GK. replication) Two successive nuclear divisions (with corresponding cell division) that produce gametes (in animals) or sexual spores (in plants or fungi) have one-half of the genetic material of the original cell.
Mitosis: (GK. mitosis, thread) A type of nuclear division (occurring at cell division) that produces two daughter nuclei identical to the parent nucleus.
Mitotic Spindle: Weblike structure of microtubli formed by centrioles, on which chromosome can align.
Mutation: (Latin. mutate, to change) A permanent change in chemical structure, organization, or amount of DNA; produces a gene or a chromosome set differing from the wild type, resulting in a faulty protein (loss or gain of function; gains and selection are the tools of evolution).
Mutant: An organism or cell carrying a mutation.
Nucleolus: An organelle in the nucleus of eukaryota, where ribosomal RNA(rRNA) is formed.
Parental Generation: In mendelian genetics, the individuals that give rise to the 1st filial generation F1.
Parental Type: In mendelian genetics, an offspring having the characteristics of one of the parent.
Plasmid: An autonomously replicating circular, extrachromosomal DNA molecule in prokaryota, bearing often genes of antibiotic resistance.
Polymerase: Various enzymes is involved in the polymerization (formation) of large molecules out of monomeric units (building blocks).
Protein: (GK. Proteios, primary) A complex organic compound composed of many (about 100) amino acids joined together by peptide bonds.
Spindle: The set of microtubular fibers that appear to move eukaryotic chromosome during division.
Sister Chromatid: Each of the identical twin strands of a chromosome connected via the centromere, also called haploid chromosome.
Wild Type: The genotype or phenotype that is found in nature or in the standard laboratory stock for a given organism.
Zygote: (GK. Zygotos, paired together) the diploid cell that results from the fusion of an egg and a sperm cell.
Comments
Post a Comment